Do Soccer Fans Get Jerseys With No Name

–

Uniform in association football; standard equipment and attire worn by players

Pavel Nedvěd pictured in 2006 wearing a typical modern football kit

In soccer, kit (also referred to equally a strip operating theater uniform) is the standard equipment and trick up worn away players. The sport's rules specify the minimum kit which a player must use, and likewise prohibit the use of anything that is dangerous to either the thespian operating theatre another participant. Individual competitions may stipulate further restrictions, such as regulating the size of Logos displayed on shirts and stating that, in the event of a match between teams with identical OR similar colours, the away team up must vary to different coloured trick up.

Footballers generally hold out identifying numbers on the backs of their shirts. Originally a team up of players wore numbers from 1 to 11, similar roughly to their playing positions, but at the line level this has generally been superseded away squad numbering, whereby each thespian in a squad is allocated a flat number for the duration of a temper. Professional clubs also usually display players' surnames or nicknames on their shirts, above (or, infrequently, below) their squad numbers.

Football kit has evolved significantly since the too soon years of the athletics when players typically wore soupy cotton shirts, knickerbockers and heavy rigid leather boots. In the twentieth century, boots became lighter and softer, shorts were worn at a shorter length, and advances in wear manufacture and printing allowed shirts to embody made in lighter celluloid fibres with increasingly colourful and complex designs. With the rise of advertising in the 20th century, sponsors' logos began to appear on shirts, and replica strips were made available for fans to purchase, generating world-shattering amounts of revenue for clubs.

Equipment [edit]

Basic equipment [edit out]

The rules set exterior the basic equipment which moldiness be worn by every last players in Constabulary 4 (Players' Equipment). Five separate items are specified: shirt (also known Eastern Samoa a jersey), shorts, socks (a.k.a. stockings), footgear and shin pads.[1] Goalkeepers are allowed to wear tracksuit bottoms instead of shorts.[2]

Patc most players get into studded football boots ("soccer place"[3] [4] OR "cleats"[4] in North USA), the Laws do not intend that these are mandatory.[1] Shirts must wealthy person sleeves (some short and long sleeves are accepted), and goalkeepers must wear shirts which are easily distinguishable from all other players and the match officials. Thermal undershorts May be worn, only must be the same colourize as the boxers themselves. Shin bone pads must be moss-grown entirely by the stockings, Be made of rubber eraser, plastic or a suchlike material, and "provide a reasonable degree of protection".[1] The only other limitation on equipment defined is the requirement that a role player essential not use equipment or wear anything deemed dangerous to himself or another player.[1]

IT is normal for individual competitions to destine that all outfield players along a squad must bust the same colours, though the Law states only "The two teams moldiness wear colors that distinguish them from each other and also the reviewer and the assistant referees".[1] In the event of a match between teams WHO would normally wear identical or similar colours the off team must change to a unlike colour.[5] Because of this requirement a team's second-choice is often referred to American Samoa its "away kit" or "away colours", although it is non unknown, especially at transnational level, for teams to opt to wearable their away colours even when non requisite to by a clash of colours, or to wear thin them at home. The England national team sometimes plays in red shirts equal when it is not required, American Samoa this was the strip worn when the team up won the 1966 FIFA World Cup.[6] In some cases some teams have been unexpected to wear their second choice away kits; such as the match between Netherlands and Brasil in the 1974 FIFA Public Cup where they wore white and dark blue rather than their first choice of orange and yellow, severally; and the match between Netherlands and Spain in the 2014 FIFA World Loving cup where they wore dark blue and white rather than their dwelling colors of Orange River and red, respectively. Many occupational group clubs also have a "third kit", ostensibly to atomic number 4 used if both their first-choice and away colours are deemed too standardised to those of an opposer.[7]

Just about professional clubs deliver retained the aforesaid basic colour scheme for several decades,[7] and the colours themselves form an integral part of a club's acculturation.[8] Teams representing countries in international contest generally wear political unit colours in common with different sporting teams of the same nation. These are usually based on the colours of the country's national ease off, although at that place are exceptions—the Italian national team, for example, wear blue as information technology was the people of color of the House of Savoy, the Australian team like most Australian sporting teams tire out the Australian Home Colors of green and amber, neither of which appear happening the flag, and the European nation subject team tire out orange, the distort of the Dutch Royal House.[9]

Shirts are normally made of a polyester mesh, which does not trammel the sweat and body heat in the same way equally a shirt made of a natural fiber.[10] To the highest degree professional clubs have sponsors' Son on the nominal head of their shirts, which can generate significant levels of income,[11] and roughly also offer sponsors the prospect to place their logos on the back of their shirts.[12] Contingent local rules, in that location may be restrictions on how banging these logos may be or on what logos may atomic number 4 displayed.[13] Competitions such as the Premier League may also want players to wear patches on their sleeves depicting the logotype of the competition.[14] A player's number is usually written on the back of the shirt, although international teams a great deal also spot numbers on the front,[15] and professional teams generally print a player's surname above their telephone number.[16] The captain of each team is usually required to put on an elasticated armband or so the left hand sleeve to identify them as the captain to the referee and supporters.

Modern turf shoes, which are fashioned to be used on indulgent simulated turf or sand.

Nigh electric current players wear down specialist football boots, which can be made either of leather OR a synthetic material. Modern boots are turn off somewhat below the ankles, as opposed to the high-ankled boots used in former multiplication, and take in studs sessile to the soles. Studs whitethorn be either moulded directly to the sole or represent detachable, normally by substance of a thread.[17] Modern boots such every bit the Adidas Predator, originally organized by other Liverpool player Craig Johnston, feature increasingly intricate, scientifically aided designs and features such as vent pockets in the soles and rubber "blades" happening the lone rather than studs.[18] The blades have been the subject of controversy as several exceed managers cause curst them for injuries both to oppositeness players and to the wearers themselves.[19] [20]

The rules nail down that all players, regardless of gender, must wear the same kit, all the same in September 2008 the Dutch women's team up FC de Rakt made international headlines by swapping its used discase for a new one featuring short skirts and tight-accommodation shirts. This origination, which had been requested by the team itself, was at first vetoed by the KNVB, Dutch people football's governing consistency, but this decision was converse when it was discovered that the FC de Rakt team up were wearing horniness (precise short shorts) under their skirts, and were therefore technically in compliance.[21]

Other equipment [edit]

Versatile styles of goalkeeping gloves

All players are permitted to wear gloves,[22] and goalkeepers usually wear specializer goalkeeping gloves. Antecedent to the 1970s gloves were rarely flea-bitten,[23] but it is now super unusual to see a netminder without gloves. In Portugal's match against England in the Euro 2004 tourney, Ricardo drew a good deal comment for deciding to remove his gloves during the penalty shoot-out.[24] Since the 1980s significant advancements take in been ready-made in the design of gloves, which right away feature protectors to prevent the fingers deflexion backwards, segmentation to allow greater flexibility, and palms made of materials designed to protect the hand and to enhance a instrumentalist's grip.[23] Gloves are uncommitted in a assortment of different cuts, including "flat palm", "roll finger" and "harmful", with variations in the stitching and fit.[25] Goalkeepers sometimes also wear caps to prevent glare from the sun OR floodlights touching their performance.[22] Players with sight problems Crataegus oxycantha bust spectacles atomic number 3 long equally in that location is no risk of them falling off or breaking and thereby becoming breakneck. Most players affected choose to wear contact lenses, although Dutch thespian Edgar Davids, unable to wear away contact lenses due to glaucoma, was known for his distinctive wraparound goggles.[26] Other items that may be dangerous to other players, such As jewellery, withal, are not allowed.[1] Players English hawthorn also choose to break off headgear to protect themselves from head injury as long American Samoa it presents no chance to the prophylactic of the wearer or any other player.[27]

Gibe officials' kit [edit]

Referees, assistant referees and fourth officials break apart kits of a kindred mode to that worn by players; until the 1950s it was more common for a referee to wear a sports coat than a jersey. Although not specified in the rules, information technology is considered a rationale of football that officials wearable shirts of a different discolor to those worn by the two teams and their goalkeepers.[28] Sarcastic is the traditional coloration worn by officials, and "the man in black" is widely used A an unceremonial term for a referee,[29] [30] although increasingly other colors are being used in the nonclassical era to minimise colour clashes.[31] The 1994 World Cup was the first in which FIFA dispensed with inkiness kits for officials.[32] Referees also sometimes have sponsors' logos on their shirts, although these are normally confined to the sleeves.[33]

History [edit out]

Victorian era [edit]

The first-class honours degree written show of a vesture item specifically dedicated to football game comes in 1526, from the Great Wardrobe of King Henry VIII of England, which included a reference to a pair of football boots.[34] The earliest testify of coloured shirts used to identify football teams comes from early English public civilize football games, for example an image of Winchester College football from earlier 1840 is entitled "The commoners have red and the college boys blue jerseys" and such colours are mentioned over again in a Buzzer's Life in John Griffith Chaney clause of 1858.[35] [36] House indulgent colors are mentioned in Rugger (ruler XXI) as early as 1845: "No player may wear cap or jersey without leave from the head of his house".[37] In 1848, it was far-famed at Rugby that "sizable improvement has stolen put together in the last few years, in the appearance of a match... in the use of peculiar dress consisting of smooth caps and jerseys"[38]

Unionised association football was first played in England in the 1860s, and galore teams would probably play in whatever clothing they had available, with players of the aforesaid team characteristic themselves away wearing coloured caps or sashes.[7] This came to represent questionable though, and an 1867 handbook of the game advisable that teams should attempt "if it can live previously so laid, to have one side with patterned jerseys of one colour, say red, and the other with other, sound out blue. This prevents confusion and raving mad attempts to wrest the ball from your neighbour."[39]

The New Brompton squad of 1894 adventurous typical kit of the era, including weighted jersey, long shorts, harsh high-topped boots and shin pads worn outside the stockings. Goalkeepers wore the same shirts A their squad-mates at this point in time.

The first standard strips began to emerge in the 1870s, with many clubs opting for colours associated with the schools or else sporting organisations from which the clubs had emerged.[7] Blackburn Rovers, e.g., adoptive shirts of a halved design supported those of the squad for former pupils of Malvern College, one of the schools where the sport had developed. Their original colours of light strict and light were chosen to reflect an connection with Cambridge University, where a number of the cabaret's founders had been well-read.[40] Colours and designs much changed dramatically between matches, with Bolton Wanderers turn out in both pink shirts and white shirts with red muscae volitantes within the aforesaid year.[41] Rather than the modern shorts, players wore long knickerbockers Beaver State full-length trousers, often with a belt or even orthodontic brace.[42] Lord Kinnaird, an early star of the game, was noted for always being beautiful in hourlong white trousers.[43] There were no numbers printed on shirts to key out person players, and the programme for an 1875 match between Queen's Park and Wanderers in Glasgow identifies the players by the colours of their caps or stockings.[44] The first shin pads were worn in 1874 by the Nottingham Timber player Sam Weller Widdowson, who reduce a dua of cricket pads and wore them outside his stockings. Initially the concept was ridiculed but it soon caught on with other players.[45] By the turn over of the century pads had become smaller and were being worn in spite of appearanc the stockings.[46]

As the game gradually stirred off from being a pursuit for wealthy amateurs to one dominated by working-year professionals, kits denatured accordingly. The clubs themselves, rather than soul players, were now responsible for purchasing kit and financial concerns, along with the need for the growing numbers of spectators to well key out the players, led to the lurid colours of earlier old age being abandoned in favor of simple combinations of primary colours. In 1890, the Football League, which had been formed two years earlier, ruled that no two member teams could register similar colours, so As to avoid clashes. This reign was later abandoned in favour of single stipulating that complete teams must have a 2d set of shirts in a divergent colour available.[7] Ab initio the home team was requisite to switch colours in the event of a clash, but in 1921 the rule was amended to require the aside team to change.[47]

Specialised football boots began to emerge in the professional geological era, attractive the place of informal shoes or work boots. Players initially simply nailed strips of leather to their boots to enhance their grip, lead the Football Association to rule in 1863 that no nails could project from boots. By the 1880s these crude attachments had become studs. Boots of this era were made of worrying leather, had hard toecaps, and came high above a thespian's ankles.[48]

Early 20th century [edit out]

As the game began to spread to Europe and beyond, clubs adopted kits similar to those worn in the United Kingdom, and in about cases chose colours directly inspired by British clubs. In 1903, Juventus of Italy adopted a black and snowy strip inspired by Notts County.[49] Two years later, Argentina's Club Atlético Independiente adopted red shirts afterward watching Nottingham Forest play.[50]

By the primaeval 20th one C, shorts had become shorter and goalkeepers wore shirts of a contrasting colouration, as seen in this photograph of Internazionale in 1910.

In 1904, the Football Association dropped its rule that players' knickerbockers must cover their knees and teams began wearing them much shorter. They became known atomic number 3 "knickers", and were referred to by this term until the 1960s when "shorts" became the preferred term.[42] Ab initio, almost all teams wore knickers of a contrastive colour to their shirts.[7] In 1909, in a bid to assist referees in identifying the netminder amongst a ruck of players, the rules were amended to state that the goalkeeper essential bear a shirt of a different colour to their team-mates. Initially it was specified that goalkeepers' shirts mustiness be either scarlet or house blue, but when green was added as a third option in 1912 information technology caught on to the extent that shortly almost every goalkeeper was playing in naive. In that flow goalkeepers in the main wore a heavy woollen garment more than akin to a jumper than the shirts worn by outfield players.[42]

Intermittent experiments with numbered shirts took place in the 1920s but the idea did non at the start fascinate on.[51] The premiere major match in which numbers were worn was the 1933 FA Cup Final between Everton and Manchester City. Rather than the Numbers being added to the clubs' existing strips, two special sets, indefinite colorless and one red, were made for the final and allocated to the two teams by the toss of a strike. The Everton players wore numbers 1–11, while the Metropolis players wore 12–22.[52] It was not until some the time of the Indorsement World War that enumeration became canonical, with teams wearing Numbers 1–11. Although there were no regulations on which player should wear which numerate, specific numbers game came to equal joint with specific positions on the field of play, examples of which were the number 9 shirt for the team's main hitter[51] and the number 1 shirt for the goalkeeper. In contrast to the usual practice, Scottish golf-club Gaelic wore numbers racket on their drawers rather than their shirts until 1975 for international matches, and until 1994 for domestic matches.[53] The 1930s also saw great advancements in boot manufacture, with new synthetic materials and softer leathers becoming uncommitted. By 1936 players in Europe were wearing boots which weighed only a third of the weight of the rigid boots of a decade originally, although British clubs did not adopt the new-style boots, with players such as Billy S. S. Van Dine openly pronouncing their disdain for the new footgear and claiming that it was more suited to ballet than football.[54]

In the point immediately after the war, many teams in Europe were nonvoluntary to wear unusual kits overdue to clothing restrictions.[7] England's Oldham Athletic, World Health Organization had traditionally worn blue and ovalbumin, spent deuce seasons playing in red and white shirts borrowed from a local rugger conference lodge,[55] and Scotland's Clyde wore khaki.[56] In the 1950s kits worn by players in grey Europe and South America became much more lightweight, with V-necks replacement collars on shirts and synthetic fabrics replacement profound earthy fibres.[22] The first boots to be cut at a lower place the ankle rather than high-flat-topped were introduced by Adidas in 1954. Although they cost twice American Samoa so much as existing styles, the boots were a huge achiever and cemented the German company's place in the football securities industry. Approximately the same time Adidas also industrial the first off boots with screw-in studs which could be changed according to pitch conditions.[17] Other areas were slower to adopt the new styles – British clubs once again resisted change and stuck resolutely to kits little divergent from those dog-eared before the war,[22] and Eastern Continent teams continued to wear kits that were deemed old-intentional elsewhere. The FC Dynamo Moscow team that toured Western European Union in 1945 drew well-nig as much comment for the players' sesquipedalian loose shorts as for the quality of their football.[57] With the Second Advent of international competitions such atomic number 3 the European Cup, the meridional European dash spreadhead to the rest of the continent and by the end of the decade the heavy shirts and boots of the pre-war geezerhood had fallen totally out of use. The 1960s saw little innovation in kit design, with clubs generally opting for simple semblance schemes which looked good under the new adopted floodlights.[7] Designs from the late 1960s and early 1970s are extremely regarded by football fans.[58]

Modern era [delete]

Sponsored shirts, such as these careworn in assorted seasons by Paris St Germain, became the norm in the modern ERA.

In the 1970s, clubs began to create powerfully several strips, and in 1975, Leeds United, who had changed their tralatitious blue sky and gold colors to all white in the 1960s to mime Real Madrid,[59] became the first baseball club to design shirts which could be sold to fans in the form of replicas. Driven by commercial concerns, other clubs soon followed suit, adding manufacturers' logos and a higher level of bring dow.[7] In 1973, German team Eintracht Braunschweig signed a deal with topical alcohol producer Jägermeister to display its logotype on the front of their shirts.[60] Soon almost all major clubs had signed much deals, and the cost to companies World Health Organization sponsor man-sized teams has increased dramatically. In 2008 German club FC Bayern Munich standard €25 million in sponsorship money from Deutsche Telekom.[61] However Spanish clubs FC Barcelona and Gymnastic Bilbao refused to set aside sponsors' logos to appear on their shirts as latterly as 2005.[62] Until 2011 Barcelona refused paying sponsors in favour of wearing the United Nations Children's Fund logo on their shirts spell donating €1.5 meg to the Polemonium caeruleum annually.[63] Players also began to house sponsorship deals with individual companies. In 1974 Johan Cruijff refused to wear the European nation national team's strip as its Adidas stigmatisation conflicted with his own personal contract with Panther, and was permitted to wear a version without the Adidas branding.[64] Puma had also paid Pelé $120,000 to wearable their boots and specifically requested that he fold down and attach his laces at the start of the 1970 FIFA Human beings Cupful final, ensuring a surrounding-up of the boots for a worldwide television audience.[65] In the 1970s, the U.S.-based Continent Soccer Conference experimented with printing players' name calling on their shirts and allocating to each one player a squad number rather than merely numbering the 11 players starting a stake from 1 to 11, but these ideas did not catch along at the time in opposite countries.[66]

From left to moral: Verona's midfielder Maddè versus Juventus' forward Bettega in 1975: "short shorts" were the average from the middle-1960s to the primitive-90s, when they changed back to a classical thirster and baggier form.

In the 1980s, manufacturers such as Hummel and Adidas began to project shirts with increasingly intricate designs, As new technology led to the introduction of such design elements as phantom prints and pinstripes.[7] Hummel's distinctive halved peel designed for the Danish national team for the 1986 FIFA World Cup caused a stir in the media simply FIFA worried about moiré artefacts in boob tube pictures.[67] Underdrawers became shorter than ever during the 1970s and 1980s,[51] and often included the player's number happening the front.[68] In the 1991 FA Cup Final Tottenham Hotspur's players lined up in long baggy shorts. Although, the new look was derided, clubs in Britain and elsewhere had inside a short prison term adoptive the longer shorts.[69] In the 1990s shirt designs became increasingly complex, with many teams sporting extremely gaudy colour schemes. Design decisions were increasingly driven by the penury for the shirt to look good when tatty past fans as a fashion item,[7] but many designs from this epoch experience since come to exist regarded as amongst the inferior ever.[70] In 1996, Manchester United notoriously introduced a grey despoil which had been specifically designed to look good when haggard with jeans, but abandoned it halfway through a match after manager Alex Ferguson claimed that the reason wherefore his team was losing 3–0 was that the players could not see each other happening the cant over. United switched to different colors for the second uncomplete and scored one end without reply.[71] The leading leagues also introduced squad numbers, whereby for each one player is allocated a specific number for the duration of a flavour.[72] A brief fad arose for players celebrating goals past lifting or totally removing their shirts to reveal political, religious or ad hominem slogans printed connected undershirts. This led to a ruling from the International Football Tie Board in 2002 that undershirts must not contain slogans or logos;[73] since 2004 it has been a bookable offence for players to remove their shirts.[74]

Manchester United replica strips on display.

The market for replica shirts has grown enormously, with the gross generated for leading clubs and the frequency with which they change designs coming below increased scrutiny, especially in the United Kingdom, where the market for replicas is meriting in excess of £200m.[75] Some clubs feature been accused of price fixing, and in 2003 Manchester Coalesced were fined £1.65m by the Office of Fair Trading.[76] The shrill prices charged for replicas have also LED to many fans buying fake shirts which are imported from countries such as Thailand and Malaysia.[77]

The chance for fans to buy out a shirt bearing the name and number of a hotshot histrion can lead story to significant revenue for a clubhouse. In the first six months after St. David Beckham's conveyance to Real Madrid the gild sold more unrivalled million shirts bearing his cite.[78] A securities industry has also formed for shirts worn by players during significant matches, which are sold As accumulator's items. The shirt worn by Pelé in the 1970 FIFA World Cup Inalterable sold at auction for over £150,000 in 2002.[79]

A enumerate of advances in kit design have taken place since 2000, with varying degrees of success. In 2002 the Cameroon national team competed in the Continent Cup of Nations in Mali wearing shirts with no sleeves,[80] but FIFA subsequent ruled that such garments were non well-advised to be shirts and therefore were not permitted.[81] Manufacturers Puma AG initially added "invisible" black sleeves to comply with the ruling, but later supplied the team with new one-while singlet-style tops.[71] FIFA ordered the team not to wear the tops but the regnant was unnoticed, with the answer that the Cameroon team was docked six points in its qualifying campaign for the 2006 FIFA World Transfuse,[82] a decision later converse subsequently an attract.[83] Many winning were the tight shirts designed for the Italian federal team by manufacturers Kappa, a dash subsequently emulated by other national teams and club sides.[71]

A concise fashion for men wearing snood-scarf neckwarmers ended in 2011 when the IFAB banned them equally possibly dangerous.[84] [85] A prohibition on women eroding the hijab was introduced by the IFAB in 2007, but lifted in 2012 after pressure from Prince Cassius Marcellus Clay of Jordan.[86] [87] In holding with French views, the French people Football Confederacy said it would maintain its ban.[88]

See also [edit]

  • Retro kit
  • Account of connexion football game

Boost recital [edit]

  • Butler, David; Butler, Robert (2021). "The evolution of the football jersey – an institutional position". Daybook of Institutional Economics: 1–15. doi:10.1017/S1744137421000278.

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Law 4 – The Players' Equipment" (PDF). Laws of the Game 2008/2009. FIFA. pp. 18–19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 September 2008. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
  2. ^ "Interpretation of the laws of the game and guidelines for referees: Law 4 – The Players' Equipment" (PDF). Laws of the Game 2010/2011. FIFA. p. 63. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  3. ^ "soccer player". Visual Lexicon Online. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
  4. ^ a b Crisfield, Deborah (1999). The complete idiot's guide to soccer . The Complete Idiot's Guide to... Alpha Books. p. 47. ISBN978-0-02-862725-0.
  5. ^ "Interchangeable League Rules". Wessex Football Conference. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
  6. ^ Glen Christopher Isherwood; et al. "England's Uniforms – Player Kits". England Football Online. Retrieved 23 January 2008. England sometimes pick out to wearable their red at home even though they could wear their white, Eastern Samoa against Germany in the last gibe played at Wembley Stadium. The Football Connexion wished to invoke the emotional state of 1966, when, in their finest moment at Wembley, England beat West Germany in the World Cup final wearing their ruddy shirts.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k David Moor. "A Concise Chronicle of Football Kit Design in England and Scotland". HistoricalFootballKits.conscientious objector.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2008.
  8. ^ Giulianotti, Richard; Geographic region Bonney; Mike Hepworth (1994). Football, Violence and Ethnical Identity. Routledge. p. 75. ISBN978-0-415-09838-0. For a supporter, whether or not he lives in the urban center of the team, the team colours are the to the highest degree important symbol of his football game faith, dominating any other symbol surgery cultural substance so much as commonwealth, class or view party.
  9. ^ "What's in a name? Part II". FIFA. 5 Feb 2000. Archived from the original along 12 October 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
  10. ^ "Football and health". BUPA. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2008.
  11. ^ "Man Utd sign £56m AIG shirt bargain". BBC. 6 April 2006. Retrieved 16 Jan 2008.
  12. ^ "Back-of-the-shirt Sponsors Draw". Notts County F.C. 30 December 2007. Archived from the original on 29 December 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
  13. ^ "Regulations Relating to Advertising on the Clothing of Players, Club Officials and mates Officials" (PDF). The FA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
  14. ^ "The F.A. Premier League". Chris Kay International. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
  15. ^ "Q & A 2006". England Football Online. 22 November 2006. Archived from the original on 26 January 2008. Retrieved 16 Jan 2008.
  16. ^ Davies, Hunter (2003). "Chapter 3. Equipment: Induce the Balls". Boots, Balls and Haircuts: An Illustrated Account of Football from So to Straight off. Cassell Illustrated. p. 158. ISBN978-1-84403-261-7.
  17. ^ a b Reilly, Thomas; A.M. Williams (2003). Science and Association football. Routledge. p. 125. ISBN978-0-415-26232-3.
  18. ^ Mike Adamson (13 January 2006). "Adidas Predator Absolute". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
  19. ^ "Ferguson wants bladed boots ban". BBC. 24 Sep 2005. Retrieved 18 January 2008.
  20. ^ "Warnock is concerned over blades". BBC. 19 August 2005. Retrieved 18 January 2008.
  21. ^ "European nation women ditch shorts to play soccer in skirts". Reuters. 15 September 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
  22. ^ a b c d Cox, Richard; Dave Russell; Wray Vamplew (2002). Encyclopedia of British Football. Routledge. p. 75. ISBN978-0-7146-5249-8.
  23. ^ a b "Fußball und Technik" (in German). Deutsches Patent of invention- und Markenamt. Archived from the original on 21 June 2011. Retrieved 15 Jan 2008.
  24. ^ "A knockout without gloves". The Guardian. 25 June 2004. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  25. ^ "Goalkeeper Glove Cutting Guide". TheGloveBag.com. 28 March 2006. Archived from the avant-garde on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
  26. ^ "Goggles are Davids' most flagrant feature". Soccertimes.com. 7 March 2003. Archived from the original connected 20 April 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
  27. ^ "Cech's rugby-style headdress passes the FA's safety test". The Commutative. GB. 20 January 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
  28. ^ "Advice for Newly Qualified Referees" (PDF). The FA. Archived from the original (PDF) connected 20 October 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2008. (PDF document)
  29. ^ Hyde, Marina (26 March 2014). "Andre Marriner debacle highlights Fifa aversion to video engineering". The Guardian . Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  30. ^ O'Hagan, Simon (28 January 1996). "Rosy future for homo in black". The Independent . Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  31. ^ Cox, Richard; Dave Russell; Wray Vamplew (2002). Encyclopedia of British Football game. Routledge. p. 76. ISBN978-0-7146-5249-8.
  32. ^ Alex Yannis (1 Butt against 1994). "Soccer: The Name Game". The Greater New York Multiplication . Retrieved 29 Apr 2009.
  33. ^ Paul Kelso (17 August 2006). "Bright sparks hope over Burns reform". The Guardian. U.K.. Retrieved 18 January 2008. A (comparatively) affordable path into the Premiership has opened up for sponsors after the airline Emirates decided that this season wish constitute its last as the ex officio partner of clear-escape referees....The heir testament get exposure – its logo on the whistlers' shirt sleeves will represent seen in 204 countries....
  34. ^ Chaudhary, Vivek (18 February 2004). "Who's the fat bloke in the number eight shirt?". The Defender. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelan. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
  35. ^ Marples, Morris (1954). A History of Football. Secker and Warburgh. pp. 84–85.
  36. ^ "Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle". London, England. 14 November 1858.
  37. ^ "Football Rules" (PDF). rugbyfootballhistory.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 28 Apr 2009.
  38. ^ An Old Rugbaean (1848). Recollections of Rugby. Hamilton and Adams. p. 131.
  39. ^ Davies, Hunter. "Chapter 3. Equipment: Produce the Balls". Boots, Balls and Haircuts: An Illustrated History of Football from And then to Now. p. 48.
  40. ^ "1875–1884: The early long time". Blackburn Rovers F.C. 2 July 2007. Archived from the original on 16 June 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2008.
  41. ^ Davies, Hunter. "Chapter 3. Equipment: Bring happening the Balls". Boots, Balls and Haircuts: An Illustrated History of Football. pp. 48–49.
  42. ^ a b c Davies, Hunting watch. "Chapter 3. Equipment: Bring connected the Balls". Boots, Balls and Haircuts: An Illustrated History of Football from Past to Directly. p. 51.
  43. ^ Will Bennett (7 January 2005). "Second base FA Loving cup could fetch commemorate £300,000 at auctioneer". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Archived from the master on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
  44. ^ Soar, Phil; Dean Martin Tyler (1983). "The Game in Scotland". Encyclopedia of British Football. Willow Books. p. 65. ISBN978-0-00-218049-8.
  45. ^ "Hucknall Cricketers". Ashfield Territory Council. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
  46. ^ Davies, Huntsman. "Chapter 3. Equipment: Bring on the Balls". Boots, Balls and Haircuts: An Illustrated History of Football game from Then to Now. p. 57.
  47. ^ Cox, Richard; Dave Russell; Wray Vamplew (2002). Encyclopedia of British Football game. Routledge. p. 74. ISBN978-0-7146-5249-8.
  48. ^ Davies, Hunter. "Chapter 3. Equipment: Bring on the Balls". Boots, Balls and Haircuts: An Illustrated History of Football game from Then to Now. pp. 55–56.
  49. ^ "Inglorious &adenylic acid; Pure". Notts County F.C. 21 May 2007. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
  50. ^ "Década del '10" (in Spanish people). Club Atlético Independiente. Archived from the original on 6 Parade 2008. Retrieved 15 Jan 2008.
  51. ^ a b c Davies, Hunter. "Chapter 12. Equipment". Boots, Balls and Haircuts: An Illustrated History of Football game from Then to Now. p. 156.
  52. ^ "English FA Cup Finalists 1930–1939". HistoricalFootballKits.co.U.K.. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
  53. ^ "Celtic". HistoricalFootballKits.co.Britain. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
  54. ^ Davies, Hunting watch. "Chapter 12. Equipment". Boots, Balls and Haircuts: An Illustrated History of Football from Then to Now. pp. 154–155.
  55. ^ "Oldham Athletic". HistoricalKits.carbon monoxide.uk. Retrieved 17 January 2008.
  56. ^ "Clyde". HistoricalKits.CO.uk. Retrieved 17 January 2008.
  57. ^ Bob Crampsey (16 October 2001). "An historic daytime in Glasgow". BBC. Retrieved 15 January 2008. Information technology's only a weak exaggeration to say that the Dynamo side looked like they came from Mars – they wore very dark blue tops and extremely baggy shorts with a blue band round the bottom.
  58. ^ Nick Szczepanik (26 September 2007). "The top 50 football kits". The Times. UK. Retrieved 17 January 2008.
  59. ^ Ball, Phil (2003). Morbo: The Story of European country Football. WSC Books Ltd. p. 113. ISBN978-0-9540134-6-2. Indeed, when Don Revie took over at Leeds in the archaic 1960s he changed their kit from grim and gold to wholly white, modelling his red-hot charges on the Spanish giants.
  60. ^ Hesse-Lichtenberger, Uli (7 Oct 2008). "The shinny for shirt sponsorship". ESPN. Retrieved 28 Apr 2009.
  61. ^ "Bundesliga 2008/2009 – Clubs, Vermarkter, Sponsoren" (PDF). Stuttgarter Zeitung. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
  62. ^ "Barcelona eyes Beijing shirt deal". BBC. 6 May 2005. Retrieved 24 Jan 2008.
  63. ^ "Futbol Club Barcelona, UNICEF squad up for children in global partnership". UNICEF. Retrieved 26 August 2008.
  64. ^ Sir David Bruce Caldow. "Get into't mention iron boot war". The Journal. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
  65. ^ Erik Kirschbaum (8 November 2005). "How Adidas and Puma were born". The Diary. Archived from the original happening 17 January 2008. Retrieved 24 Jan 2008.
  66. ^ Plenderleith, Ian (2014). Rock 'n' Roll Soccer: The Short Life and Fast Times of the North American Soccer League. Icon Books Ltd. ISBN9781906850722.
  67. ^ "Milestones: 1986". hummel External. Archived from the original on 21 November 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
  68. ^ Isherwood, Glen (6 June 2005). "Admiral Mysteries". England Football Online. Retrieved 28 January 2008.
  69. ^ "European country FA Cupful Finalists 1990–1999". HistoricalFootballKits.cobalt.uk. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
  70. ^ Tomcat Fordyce (29 April 2003). "The worst football kits of all time". BBC. Retrieved 14 January 2008.
  71. ^ a b c Dominic Raynor (12 July 2005). "10 of the worst...football game kits". ESPN. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
  72. ^ Rob Smyth and Paolo Bandini (6 September 2006). "What's in a number?". The Guardian. Great Britain. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
  73. ^ Stuart Roach (11 September 2002). "Henry gets the message". BBC. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
  74. ^ "Fifa limits substitutions". BBC. 28 February 2004. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
  75. ^ "Clubs rapped over kit out sales". BBC. 6 August 1999. Retrieved 14 January 2008. The cost of replica kit – and the number of times recently versions fare happening the marketplace – has long been a bone of controversy for football game fans.
  76. ^ "Man Utd penalized for terms fixing". BBC. 1 August 2003. Retrieved 14 January 2008.
  77. ^ Darragh MacIntyre (3 March 2006). "The Fake Football game Shirt Sting". BBC. Retrieved 14 January 2008.
  78. ^ "Beckham sells 250,000 Galaxy shirts before he gets to LA". Reuters United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelan. 12 July 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2008.
  79. ^ "Record price for Pele's shirt". BBC. 22 March 2002. Retrieved 17 January 2008.
  80. ^ "Indomitable fashions". BBC. 22 January 2002. Retrieved 14 January 2008.
  81. ^ "Fifa bans Cameroon shirts". BBC. 9 March 2002. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
  82. ^ "Republic of Cameroon docked six World Cup points for controversial kit". ABC News Australia. 17 April 2004. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
  83. ^ Osasu Obayiuwana (21 English hawthorn 2004). "Fifa lifts Cameroon sanction". BBC. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
  84. ^ Press Affiliation (4 February 2011). "Fears for snoods' future subsequently Fifa raises safety concerns". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  85. ^ Agencies (5 May 2011). "Snoods banned but Fifa to continue goalline technology testing". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
  86. ^ "Hijabs approved for soccer players past FIFA". CBC News. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  87. ^ "FIFA OKs Islamic hijab for women – ESPN". ESPN. Associated Press. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  88. ^ Agence France-Presse (6 July 2012). "France soccer federation outlaws hijab, despite FIFA powerful". National Post. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2012.

Outside links [blue-pencil]

  • Latest Football Kits Tidings
  • Graphical history of European country and Scottish football kits
  • Goalkeeper Gloves – illustrated history
  • Exact account of football shirts from terminated the international
  • Football's equipment evolution at FIFA.com

Do Soccer Fans Get Jerseys With No Name

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_(association_football)

0 Komentar

Post a Comment



banner